CARA PENULISAN DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Buku oleh Satu Orang

Austin, J.L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Grisham, J. 1994. The Pelican Brief. New York: Warner.

Schiffrin, Deborah. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

Buku oleh Dua atau Tiga Pengarang

Brown, P. dan S.C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. London: Cambridge University Press.

Hewson, L. and J. Martin. 1991. Redefining Translation: The Variational Approach. London: Routledge.

Buku oleh Lebih dari Tiga Pengarang

Alwi, H. et. al. 1993. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (2^nd ed.). Jakarta: Depdikbud RI.

Radford, A. et. al. 1999. Linguistics and Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Buku Suntingan Satu Orang

Coulthard, M. (ed). 1992. Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge.

Dijk, T. A. Van. (ed). 1976. The Pragmatics of Language and Literature. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Goody, E. N. (ed). 1978. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Buku Suntingan Dua Orang atau Lebih

Guenthner, F. dan M. Guenthner-Reutter (eds). 1978. Meaning and Translation: Philosophical and Linguistic Approaches. London: Duckworth.

House, J. and S. Blum-Kulka (eds). 1986. Interlingual and Intercultural Communication. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.

Holmes, J.S., F. de Haan, dan A. Popovic (eds). 1970. The Nature of Translation. The Hague: Mouton.

Searle, John R., F. Kiefer, and M. Bierwisch (eds). 1980. Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics. London: D. Riedel Publishing Company.

Buku Edisi Kedua, Ketiga, dan seterusnya

Bassnett-McGuire, S. 1991. Translation Studies (Revised Ed.). London: Routledge.

Turabian, Kate L. 1996. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Disertations (6^th Ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Buku yang terdiri atas Dua Jilid atau Lebih

Vanderveken, D. 1990. Meaning and Speech Acts Vol. 1: Principles of Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Buku Terjemahan

Leech, Geoffrey. 1982. Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatik. Translated by Oka, M.D.D. 1993. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia.

Karangan (Essay) di dalam Buku Suntingan

Broeck, R. van den. 1986. Contrastive discourse analysis as a tool for the interpretation of shifts in translated texts. In J. House and S. Blum-Kulka (eds.). pp. 37 – 49.

Brown, P. dan S.C. Levinson. 1978. Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. N. Goody (ed.). pp. 56 – 311.

Popovic, A. 1970. The concept “shift of expression” in translation analysis. Di dalam J.S. Holmes, F. de Haan, dan A. popovic (eds.). Hlm. 78 – 90.

Artikel di dalam Ensiklopedia

Macaulty, T.B. 1970. Samuel Johnson. Encyclopedia Britanica, 11^th ed., XV. pp. 463 – 471.

Smith, M.A. Sharwood. 1999. Syntax in second language acquisition. In Concise Encyclopedia of Educational Linguistics. Edited by Bernard Spolsky.  Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 76 – 80.

Artikel di dalam Jurnal atau Majalah Ilmiah

Blum-Kulka, S. 1987. Indirectness and politeness in requests: same or different? Journal of Pragmatics. 11: 131 – 146.

Blum-Kulka, S. dan E. Olshtain. 1984. Requests and apologies: a cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics. 5/3: 196 – 213.

Doherty, M. 1997. Acceptability and language specific preference in the distribution of information. TARGET, 9/1: 1 – 25.

Artikel di dalam Koran dan Majalah

Basuki, S. 2005. Novel nonfiksi dan kemungkinannya. Suara Merdeka, 18 Agustus. Hlm. 18.

Prasetyo, S. 2005. Lokalisme sebagai Ekses. Tempo, 28 Agustus. Hlm. 64 – 5.

Manshur, F. 2005. Bahasa kita: Rusak bahasa, rusaklah pemikiran. Intisari, September. Hlm. 166 – 7.

Kumpulan Artikel/Proceeding Seminar

FIT. 1996. XIV World Congress of the Federation Internationale des Traducteurs (FIT). Proceedings Vol. 2. Melbourne: The Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators.

Tesis, Disertasi, dan Karangan Lain yang tidak Diterbitkan secara Komersial

Gunawan, A. 1993. The politeness rating of English and Indonesian directive types among Indonesian learners of English: Towards contrastive pragmatics. Paper presented at The Fourth International Pragmatics Conference, Kobe, 25-30 July.

Mujiyanto, Y. 1999. Perbandingan Derajat Kesantunan antara Tindak Tutur Direktif di dalam Novel A Farewell to Arms Karya E. Hemingway dan Terjemahannya. Tesis Magister Humaniora Universitas Indonesia.

Rustono. 1998. Implikatur Percakapan sebagai Pengungkap Humor di dalam Wacana Humor Verbal  Lisan Berbahasa Indonesia. (Disertasi Universitas Indonesia).

Bahan yang Dikutip dari CD-ROM

Majalah atau Koran

Gardner, H. 1981. Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today [CD-ROM].

Abstrak

Meyer, A. S. & Bock, K. 1992. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [CD-ROM]. Memory Cognition, 20, 715 – 726. Abstract from: SilverPlatter File: PsycLIT Item: 80-16351.

Artikel dalam Ensiklopedia

Crime. 1996. In Microsoft Encarta 1996 Encyclopedia [CD-ROM]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.

Kamus

Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact disc (2^nd ed.) [CD-ROM]. 1992. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bahan yang Diunduh dari Situs Internet

Berbentuk Buku

Ziegler, M. and C. Durant. 2001. Engagement: a Necessary Ingredient for Participation in Adult Basic Education. [Online]. Available at www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2001/2001ziegler.html. [accessed 11/11/10]

Berbentuk Artikel di dalam Buku

Shohet, Linda. 2001. Adult Learning and Literacy in Canada. In the Annual Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, Vol. 2, Chapter 6. (NCSALL). Available at http://ncsall.gse.harvard.edu/ann_rev/vol2_6.html.  [accessed 9/23/03]

Berbentuk Artikel tak Bertanggal

Rocco, T. S. (n.d.) Critical reflection in practice: experiences of  novice teacher. Online at www.bsu.edu/teachers/departments/edld/conf/critical.html. [accessed 03/15/00]

Berbentuk Artikel Anonim dan tak Bertanggal

Self-Evaluation Kit. Online at www.nald.ca/PROVINCE/SASK/SLM/selfeval/tooc.html. [accessed 06/23/03]

Read More

Response Text (Review)

What is a response?

We all have opinions about texts. Think of all the books you have read. Some of these books you would have liked and others you would have hated. The same with television shows. How do you feel about ‘Neighbours’, ‘Home and Away’, ‘X Files’, ‘Beverly Hills 90210’, ‘Seinfeld’, ‘The Simpsons’, ‘Married with Children’, and ‘The Nanny’? When you express your opinion about a text you are giving a response.

A response is a text that gives a person’s response or reaction to another text (a book, film, play, poem, and so on) by providing a description of the work and a judgement.

Features of a response

Constructing a response

The steps for constructing a response are:

• a paragraph that introduces the text being judged –this should contain information on the title of the text, the name of the person who constructed it (the author/artist), when it was constructed and a brief summary of the work
• a description of the text that gives details about the orientation, complication, sequences of events and resolution –this step may include other features of the text.
• a judgement of the text that includes your opinions and maybe some recommendations.

Language features in a response

The language features usually found in a response are:

• words that express judegements and the writer’s attitudes (modality)
• the use of the present tense
• descriptive words.

Models of response

Toy Story

Toy Story is one of Disney’s popular films that uses amazing computer graphics to tell the story of a young boy, Andy, and his roomful of great toys that come to life.

The plot centres on Andy’s toys, including Mr. Potato Head and his favourite. Woody, who have their lives disturbed with the arrival of Buzz Lightyear, a karate-chopping, flying spaceman. Tom Hanks provides the voice of Woody while Tim Allen is the voice of Buzz. Computer animation is by John Lasseter, known for his complex pixel animation techniques. The film is now available on video, is rated G, runs for 78 minutes and sells for $24.95.

Toy Story is more than just amazing computer-generated special effects. There is plenty of fun for both younger viewer and adults. All the family will enjoy this one.

Source: Anderson, Mark and Kathy Anderson. 2003. Text Types in English 2. South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.

Read More

Discussion Text

What is a discussion?

Often you will have to make decisions about things. Before you decide if something is good or bad, you usually look at both sides. Many times in life we have to decide if we are for or against something. Other times we have to decide if something is right or wrong. Judges do this when they listen to evidence in the courts. When we speak or write about a topic and include both sides of the case we are creating a discussion.

The discussion text type gives the for and against, the positive and negative, or the good points and the bad points. The purpose of a discussion is to present to the audience different options on a topic and, at the end, your opinion.

Some examples of discussions are:

• Talkback radio
• Current affairs interviews
• Essays
• Debates
• Letters to the editor
• Newspaper articles

Features of a discussion

Constructing a written discussion

The steps for constructing a written discussion are:

• an introductory paragraph that has a statement or question about the topic
• a series of paragraphs that give evidence, opinions or arguments for and against the topic
• a conclusion that gives a final point of view, either for or against the topic.

Language features in a discussion

The language features usually found in a discussion are:

• the use of generic terms related to the topic
• the use of words that show a comparison or a contrast
• the use of words that link arguments

Models of discussion

Television: The best invention of the twentieth century?

During the twentieth century the world has witnessed the invention of many amazing things. Television is a great invention, but there are arguments for and against whether it is the best invention of the twentieth century.

Television was invented in the 1920s and first came to Australia in 1956. It has played an important role in communicating news. We can learn instantly about what is happening in the world because of television. Also, television has provided people with entertainment in their own homes. People in isolated areas can still feel part of the world because of television. For these reasons I feel that television could be considered the best invention of the twentieth century.

On the other hand, there are other inventions that could be considered to be better than television. Some might argue that computer should be awarded the distinction of being the best invention because computers have made life easier. Others might argue that medical inventions such as heart pacemakers are the best inventions because they help to save lives.

It can be seen that there are reasons for and against television being considered the best invention of the twentieth century. After looking at both sides I still believe it is the best invention.

Source: Anderson, Mark and Kathy Anderson. 2003. Text Types in English 1. South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.

Read More

Explanation Text

What is a explanation?

There will be times when you want to tell someone how or why something occurs. Your science teacher might ask you to tell how pollution affects the environment. Your little sister might ask you why some trees do not have leaves in winter. Speaking or writing about how or why things happen is called explanation.

The explaining text type tells how or why something occurs. It looks at the steps rather than the things. The purpose of an explanation is to tell each step of the process (the how) and give reasons (the why).

Some examples of explanations are:

• How something occurs
• Why something happened
• Why things are alike or different
• How to solve a problem

Features of an explanation

Constructing a written explanation

The steps for constructing a written explanation are:

• a general statement about the event or thing
• a series of paragraphs that tell the hows or whys
• a concluding paragraph.

Language features in an explanation

The language features usually found in an explanation are:

• technical language
• words that show cause and effect
• use of timeless present tense.

Models of explanation

What causes weather?

Weather is the physical condition of the atmosphere at a particular time. It includes temperature, air pressure and water content.

Weather is produced when air moves from place to place. This moving air is known as wind. Winds are caused by warm air rising and cooler air moving in to replace it. Warm air is usually less dense (lighter) than cool air; therefore, it creates low air pressure. Cool air is more dense (heavier) and creates high air pressure.

Usually we have fine weather when the air pressure is high and clouds, rain or snow when the air pressure drops.

Source: Anderson, Mark and Kathy Anderson. 2003. Text Types in English 1. South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.

Read More

Narrative Text

What is a narrative?

A narrative is a piece of text which tells a story and, in doing so, entertains or informs the reader or listener.

Features of a narrative

Constructing a narrative

The steps for constructing a narrative are:

• an orientation (can be a paragraph, a picture or opening chapter) in which the narrator tells the audience about who is in the story, when the story is taking place and where the action is happening
• a complication that sets off a chain of events that influences what will happen in the story
• a sequence of events where the characters react to the complication
• a resolution in which the characters finally sort out the complication
• a coda that provides a comment or moral based on what has been learned from the story (an optional step).

Language features in a narrative

The language features usually found in a narrative are:

• specific characters
• time words that connect events to tell when they occur
• verbs to show the actions that occur in the story
• descriptive words to portray the characters and settings.

Models of narrative

King Midas

Long ago there lived a king who was the richest man in the world. His name was Midas; however, he was not happy.

Midas longed to be even richer. He wanted to be richer than all the kings in the world put together.

One day, as Midas sat on his throne thinking of ways to become richer, his servants came to him with an old man.

‘Master,’ said the first servant. ‘We have found this person wandering around in your orchard.’

‘It is Silenus, the friend of the god Bacchus,’ said the second servant.

Midas had an idea. He welcomed the old man and said, ‘You shall b my guest for ten days. Please, eat and drink as much as you like.’

At the end of the ten days Midas took Silenus back to Bacchus. The god was very happy to see his lost friend. Bacchus turned to Midas and said, ‘I will grant you any wish you make.’

Midas could hardly believe his ears. Here was his chance to become richer. He could become richer than all the kings in the world put together.

‘My wish is … that everything I touch will turn into gold!’

‘Your wish is granted,’ laughed Bacchus, ‘But will that really make you happy, Midas?’

On his return to his palace Midas tried out his new power. He picked up a stone and it turned to gold. He touched his clothes and they turned to gold. He changed a whole tree into gold by rubbing his hands over the trunk. Midas was so excited.

Back at the place, Midas sat down and called for some food and drink. His chair turned to gold and, although he was uncomfortable, Midas still was happy that he touched turned to gold.

A servant brought Midas a bowl of water so that he could wash his hands. As soon as Midas put his hands into the bowl, the water turned to gold. Next, Midas took a piece of bread. Before he could get it to his mouth, it too had turned to gold. He could eat nothing without it turning to gold.

Miserable, Midas went for walk in his garden. His children ran up to him. Without thinking, Midas put his arms around them and instantly they turned into little gold statues, Midas now cried.

Midas hurried to Bacchus and pleaded that he take away his golden touch.

‘Didn’t I tell you that the golden touch would not bring you happiness?’ asked Bacchus. ‘Keep your gift and don’t come whingeing to me.’

Then Midas went down on his knees and, with golden tears running down his cheeks, begged for Bacchus to show mercy.

‘I was wrong to be greedy and to love gold so much,’ said Midas.

Bacchus felt sorry for Midas and told him how to cure the golden touch. He had to go to the River Pactolus and wash in its clear water. This would take away the golden touch. Midas did so.

Midas then returned to his palace. On the way he touched a brunch of a tree and it did not turn to gold. Midas was so relieved. But in his garden he saw his children, still as golden statues. He quickly grabbed a bucket, ran to the River Pactolus and scooped up some water. He took this back to the garden and poured it over his golden children. Immediately they came alive and were no longer gold.

Midas then called for a feast to celebrate. He told his servants to get rid of the gold plates as he was sick of the sight of gold. Midas enjoyed being able to eat and drink again. No longer did he want to be richest of the rich.

Midas had found out that all the gold in the world does not bring happiness.

Source: Anderson, Mark and Kathy Anderson. 2003. Text Types in English 2. South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.

Read More

Procedure Text

What is a procedure?

Have you ever read the instructions on how to make a model, program a video recorder or cook instant noodles? If so, you have worked with a procedure text. A procedure, therefore, is a piece of text that gives us instructions for doing something. The purpose of a procedure text type is to explain how something can be done.

Some examples of procedure text are:

• Directions
• Recipes
• Instruction manuals
• Itineraries

Features of a procedure text

Constructing a procedure text

The steps for constructing a procedure text are:

• an introductory statement that gives the aim or goal
• a list of the materials that will be needed for completing the procedure
• a sequence of steps in the order they need to be done

Language features of a procedure text

The language features usually found in a procedure text are:

• the use of technical language
• sentences that begin with verbs and are stated as commands
• the use of time words or numbers that tell the order for doing the procedure
• the use of adverbs to tell how the action should be done.

Models of procedure

How to measure your lung capacity

Today, I am going to tell you a way of measuring the amount of air that your lungs hold.

To do this you will need a bath or laundry tub, a piece of plastic tube, masking tape, a large plastic bottle, a waterproof pen, a measuring jug, water and a friend to help you.

Firstly, fill the bath or laundry tub to about half-full. Next, stick masking tape on the side of the plastic bottle and fill it with water. Now, carefully turn the bottle upside down while holding your hand over the opening. Place the bottle underwater in the tub and hold it in the upside-down position. Ask your friend to mark on the masking tape the position of the water in the bottle. Now, have the friend push one end of the plastic tube into the neck of the bottle. Place the other end of the tube in your mouth.

Source: Anderson, Mark and Kathy Anderson. 2003. Text Types in English 2. South Yarra: Macmillah Education Australia Pty Ltd.

Read More